We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. The god was later known as Shamash. He is tikuka ("your patriarch"). Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. The names of these wives are not explicitly provided, but some confusing rubrics at the beginning of the account mention the goddess Athirat, who is otherwise l's chief wife, and the goddess Ramayyu ("the one of the womb"), otherwise unknown. She later became identified by the Akkadians and Assyrians as the goddess Ishtar, and further with the Hittite Sauska, the Phoenician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, among many others. Like most ancient civilizations, the Sumerians came to believe that just about every earthly phenomenon, anthropological aspect, and astronomical event was somehow controlled by unseen deities. That makes the etymology of Enlils name easier to grasp: Rather than Sumerianen+ll, his name most likely derives from a doubling of the Semitic wordilu(god): il + il, meaning god of gods,[4]or god of all the gods.[5]. Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. [43] The slaying of the serpent in myth is a deed attributed to both Ba'al Hadad and 'Anat in the Ugaritic texts, but not to l.[44]. The sun gods appearance was similar to those of other important deities of the region, with a knife and some rays of fire differentiating him from his peers. Along with his grandfather Beelzebub, he controlled the airways for the Gods, wearing his symbol of . In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. Another interesting concept that was common in the Sumerian civilization was that of patron deities. Morris Jastrow said: "Inasmuch as astrology deals primarily, as a system of divination, with the phenomena observed only at night, the foremost place is naturally occupied by the great orb of night, the moon, which, when a personified power, was designated as En-Zu, "the lord of wisdom," and had the . The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Nammu The Goddess of the Primordial Sea, Enki The God of Water, Wisdom, Arts, Crafts, Male Fertility, and Magic, Inanna Goddess of Female Fertility, Love, and War, Ereshkigal The Goddess of the Netherworld, Utu The God of the Sun, Truth, and Justice, Apollo: The Greek God of Music and the Sun, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? As the Chief Deity of Hathra, he was known as "Shamiyah." Note the horns in the photo of the sculpture at left. He and his military allies the Eloim gain Sky's kingdom.[48]. A patron deity of Ur, Nannas main temple was Ekishnugal, which was rebuilt or restored many times by different rulers. [46] What is certain is that the form 'El does appear in Israelite names from every period including the name Yir'l ("Israel"), meaning "El strives". E.g. Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved, is not interested in setting the work forth completely or in order. He is btnyu binwti ("Creator of creatures"), 'ab ban 'ili ("father of the gods"), and 'ab 'adami ("father of man"). Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. Genesis, Book of. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. According to an ancient seal, she was pictured as a woman with long arms wearing a traditional garb and a horned helmet. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription[53] at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-,[54] this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. Utu was Nannas son and Inannas twin brother, but he was not as ardently worshiped as other Sumerian gods. A rarer form, . Mason-Dixon Line He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. He brings light and warmth to the land, allowing plants and crops to grow. Occult researchers affirm that Saturn ruled the kingdom of Atlantis and became the divine ancestor of all earthly patriarchs and kings. For example, the people of Uruk revered the god An and the goddess Inanna, while the residents of Nippur considered Enlil to be their patron deity, and Eridu saw Enki being held as most important. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. Im not aware of any research into whether these events and the emergence of Enlils new title, Great Mountain, are connected, but it seems unlikely that they were a coincidence. [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. They also required food, water, and shelter much like the people who worshiped them. [This article tackles two issues in the "proto-astronomical" conception of the planet Saturn, first attested in Mesopotamia and followed by the Greeks and Hindus: the long-standing . . Here is a list of the 10 most important: Contents show 10. The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. Mesopotamian moon god. The stem l is found prominently in the earliest strata of east Semitic, northwest Semitic, and south Semitic groups. The social structure of the Sumerians was decidedly different from other societies of that and later times. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds Cronus or Kronos is known for having swallowed his children, until his youngest child, Zeus, forced him to regurgitate. These Israelites are described as a people inhabiting Canaan. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . His worship continued until the 3rd century CE. Worshipers of each city would go to the main temple to pay their respects to the main god. 24.258 describes a banquet to which l invites the other gods and then disgraces himself by becoming outrageously drunk and passing out after confronting an otherwise unknown Hubbay, "he with the horns and tail". The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote domain. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order No deity in the Sumerian pantheon of gods was above making mistakes, and these errors and lapses of judgment were often regarded as parabolic lessons. In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). In an ancient seal that dates back to the period, Inanna was depicted to have several weapons ready on her back, a horned helmet, wings, and with her foot on a lion whose leash she was holding. The Sumerian sky god Anu and the highest semitic deity El were considered the same personage in the northern regions of Mesopotamia 6. 2, p. 938). [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. Though Sanchuniathon distinguishes Poseidon from his Elus/Cronus, this might be a splitting off of a particular aspect of l in a euhemeristic account. His temple also seems to have acquired the title E-kur (House of the Mountain) with the rise of the Akkadian Empire. According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. Moreover, they were also meant to live leisurely lives and be treated as whimsical masters at best, ominously present just beyond sight and sound as temperamental overseers to humans. But of this massive group, a few stand out in their significance to Sumerian religion and mythology. Eanna temple in Uruk: Equatorial sky: An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian), was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky. [19]Andreas Johandi, Some Remarks about the Beginnings of Marduk. In S. Fink and R. Rollinger, eds.,Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Helsinki / Tartu(Mnster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2018), p. 566. [18]) Yet another connection is seen with the Mandaean angel Ptahil, whose name combines both the terms Ptah and Il. 2. In later times, Engur was essentially superseded by Enki, the Sumerian god of water, wisdom, water, and crafts whom we will meet later on. It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. The name is Akkadian and means 'crossing place' or 'place of transition'. Shamash was the son of Sin. Although she is referenced at length in Sumerian myth, there are some who doubt her status as a deity as there are not very many references to her in the ancient records. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. The Moon, the Sun, and the planets were viewed as gods or manifestations of gods. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. Also at Delos, that association of Tyrians, though mostly devoted to Heracles-Melqart, elected a member to bear a crown every year when sacrifices to Poseidon took place. There are three different ways you can cite this article. The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells how (perhaps near the beginning of all things) l came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. In a later passage it is explained that l castrated Sky. [48] Sky and Earth are themselves children of 'Elyn 'Most High'. By the time of Abraham, around 1900 BC, Amorites controlled nearly everything from western Iran to the Mediterranean. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. Daughter to Enlil and the twin sister of Utu, she had another sibling called Ereshkigal, who was the goddess in charge of the Netherworld. And its known that Urkesh and Harran were connected by an important trade route, linking the resource-rich mountains north of Urkesh to markets in northern Syria and the Mediterranean port near Antioch. Sumerian myth dictates that while almost every Sumerian god was a powerful being with supernatural abilities at their disposal, they were far from being the kind of omnipotent, supreme deity we have become accustomed to thanks to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Two other apparent fossilized expressions are arz-'l 'cedars of God' (generally translated something like 'mighty cedars', 'goodly cedars') in Psalm 80:10 (in Hebrew verse 11) and kharr-'l 'mountains of God' (generally translated something like 'great mountains', 'mighty mountains') in Psalm 36:7 (in Hebrew verse 6). For example, although Engur was the original personification of the Abzu, it was later declared that Enki, who was something of a stepson to him, was in charge of all water, and even later, the Abzu was deemed a deity in and of itself in the Babylonian version of events. ENBILULU - The Mesopotamian water god charged with the care of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Strangely, Nanna was also considered to be the god of cattle because their horns resembled the crescent moon. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. Her primary temples were called Esabad and Egalmah. Ninurta, an obscure god inherited by the Babylonians, may have been identified with Saturn, the slowest moving visible planet, because . Shamash, as the solar deity, exercised the power of light over darkness and evil. A bilingual inscription from Palmyra[52] dated to the 1st century equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. Sometimes he is specifically named (or at least identified with) Sn.[9]. After the Roman conquest of Greece, he was conflated with the Greek Titan . [7]Rients de Boer, Amorites in the Early Old Babylonian Period (Dissertation: Leiden University, 2014), p. 69. Emesh was depicted as a farmer. For who in the skies compares to Yahweh, To the ancient Egyptians, the sun god Atum-Ra, the model ruler, reigned over the fortunate era for a time, then retired from the world. [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). But how did a god once associated with growth and healing come to embody war and malevolence? Cronus then, whom the Phoenicians call Elus, who was king of the country and subsequently, after his decease, was deified as the star Saturn, had by a nymph of the country named Anobret an only begotten son, whom they on this account called Iedud, the only begotten being still so called among the Phoenicians; and when very great dangers from war had beset the country, he arrayed his son in royal apparel, and prepared an altar, and sacrificed him. Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. [38][39], In some places, especially in Psalm 29, Yahweh is clearly envisioned as a storm god,[40] something not true of l so far as we know[41] (although true of his son, Ba'al Haddad). The picture below is taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they knew Saturn had rings around it. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". At sunrise ama was known to emerge from his underground sleeping chamber and take a daily path across the skies [ Image 1 ]. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Why these two? For the reference in some texts of Deuteronomy 32:8 to seventy sons of God corresponding to the seventy sons of l in the Ugaritic texts, see `Elyn. [6]In my view, this is Fallen Realm Fake News to diminish the true God of heaven (and earth, and all creation) by slandering the sky-god as remote, disinterested, and, in some accounts, literally neutered. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. Unlike Enlil, however, Enki was almost always nice to humans, appearing to be wiser and more peaceful than his master. Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. The Sumerian civilization emerged upon the flood plain of the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. [7](Emphasis added). In Ugaritic the plural form meaning "gods" is ilhm, equivalent to Hebrew elhm "powers". It occurs 217 times in the Masoretic Text: seventy-three times in the Psalms and fifty-five times in the Book of Job, and otherwise mostly in poetic passages or passages written in elevated prose. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. The bloodcurdling truth is that Judaism has always been a cult of Saturn from its beginning. Mesopotamians believed these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth. Watch new episodes of Ancient Aliens Saturdays at 9/8c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite History Channel shows at https://history.com/schedule.The. One of Sky's concubines (who was given to l's brother Dagon) was already pregnant by Sky. They developed a pretty rough reputation, especially the Tidanu tribe (about whom more later), that contributed to the collapse of the last Sumerian kingdom to rule Mesopotamia. Inconsistencies that arise between monotheism and polytheism in the texts are reflective of this hypothesis. Essentially the supreme lord of all the gods and mortals according to Mesopotamian religion. The gods of the Babylonian pantheon were tied with these 5 planets as follows: Jupiter with Marduk Venus with the goddess Ishtar Saturn with Ninurta (Ninib) The 8-pointed star is the pentacle of Jupiter. lm; Phoenician l pl. Cronus's functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival, the Kronia, celebrated the harvest and resembled the Saturnalia. The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote . Cognate forms of l are found throughout the Semitic languages. The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. 1. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Another is that in much of the Hebrew Bible the name El is an alternative name for Yahweh, but in the Elohist and Priestly traditions it is considered an earlier name than Yahweh. Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, and Mars were the five planets known, in the order, they appear in ancient Babylonian literature; Mercury and Saturn traded places in later works. NOTE: "Planet" is Greek for wanderer; Greeks and Romans thought the planets and the sun rotate around the earth - 7 known by them - they named gods and days of the week after them. Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. The similarity between Bl ad (lord of the mountain), referring to Amurru/Sn, and Yahwehs epithet El Shaddai (God of the mountain) is obvious. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. [20], The name Raphael or Rapha-El, meaning 'God has healed' in Ugarit, is attested to in approximately 1350 BCE in one of the Amarna Letters EA333, found in Tell-el-Hesi from the ruler of Lachish to 'The Great One' [21]. It is said that Enlil himself betrothed the two divine beings. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. The Sumerian texts state that he used his powers responsibly and with benevolence, always watching over the well-being of humanity. He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. An. (See 2 Kings 23:15.)[47]. When Amorites first encountered the civilizations of Akkad and Sumer in the twenty-fourth century BC, the two most popular deities among the newcomers were the moon-god, Erah (also spelled Yarikh; called Sn in Akkad and Nanna in Sumer) and the god, under the Amorite name El. This is documented by the Amorite personal names logged in official Sumerian and Akkadian records: If we then take a look at the 43 most popular Amorite names (in this case: Amorite names occurring three times or more). Enlil and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm (Heaven). Not one Sumerian astrologer's name is left to us. And the symbol meant that Cronus could see when asleep, and sleep while waking: and similarly in the case of the wings, that he flew while at rest, and was at rest when flying. This star is actually not a star at all, but the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. The Tower of Babel and . A banker named Philostratus donated two altars, one to Palaistine Aphrodite Urania ('Ashtart) and one to Poseidon "of Ascalon". [2]Based on his identification with El, Kumarbi, and others well discuss before we reach the end of this series, Enlil should be understood not as lord of the air, but as a universal god who controls different spheres and domains, different areas without any defined specialization.[3], In other words, Enlil was simply the god. The patron deity of the city of Nippur was given the names father, creator, lord, the great mountain, raging storm, and king of the foreign lands.. The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll()kur-gal(kur-gal= great mountain). Even though his name isnt mentioned even once in our English Bibles, the proof of Enlils power is written in the Old Testament. 5. Despite their varied appearance to the. In Judges 9:46 we find 'l Brt 'God of the Covenant', seemingly the same as the Ba'al Brt 'Lord of the Covenant' whose worship has been condemned a few verses earlier. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. l (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). . through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. Reading the Will of the Gods . The goddess was also said to have crafted a set of legislations that shaped the code of law and etiquette in the area. Nibiru = Sumerian "planet of the crossing". A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. Ascribe to Yahweh, sons of Gods (bn 'lm), Nanna was also the father of fire god Nusku and one of Enlils trusted ministers. [10]Like the Amorites, the name Kumarbi may come from northern Syria. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. One of them is Utu, a sun god and god of justice. "The Phoenicians every year sacrificed their beloved and only begotten children to Kronos, or Saturn; and the Rhodesians often did the same." The earliest writings of both are roughly contemporary, and occur interchangeably. Nibiru, to the Babylonians, was the celestial body associated with the god Marduk. Ba'al Hadad is a few times called l's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called, possibly because l is in the position of a clan-father to all the gods. Its true that correlation does not imply causation, but the arrival in Sumer of that epithet at about the same time as groups of Semitic-speaking Akkadians and Amorites is strong circumstantial evidence. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. This, by the way, follows the broad outlines of Enlils career: A text from Nineveh recounts a myth in which divine beings break the wings of Enlil and Anu and cast them down into the Abyss (aps). To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. and all the divine beings Enlil was subject only to Anu, the sky-god, and he was often portrayed as the only deity who could contact Anu. The Sumerians built the gigantic ziggurat of Etemenanki to honor their supreme god, Marduk. However it can also mean that Yahweh stands in the Divine Council (generally known as the Council of l), as l judging among the other members of the council. Annunaki = Egyptian = Greek = Roman = Biblical Equivalents Anu (An) = Sobek = Cronus = Saturn Here are some popular Sumerian symbols from that time period. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . The Fallen Realm doesnt hesitate to steal that which belongs to their Creator. . Cross (1973, p.19) points out that Ptah is often called the Lord (or one) of eternity and thinks it may be this identification of l with Ptah that lead to the epithet 'olam 'eternal' being applied to l so early and so consistently. However, this would be impossible to do without leaving behind a replacement, and it was then that Inanna chose Dumuzi to stay in her stead, upset that he had not mourned her loss enough. The text was translated by Rosenthal (1969, p.658) as follows: An eternal bond has been established for us. Although the Amorites spoke a Semitic language, they were usually portrayed in Egyptian art with fair skin. And the Hurrians, too, were familiar with highland life, as Urkesh controlled trade between their cousins in the Taurus Mountains to the north and the cities of Mesopotamia to the south. Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. She was known to accompany her favorite king in battle in the shape of the planet Venus, the morning star, or the evening star. Inanna. This is a plausible scenario, given that the Sumerian homeland in southern Iraq is noticeably devoid of mountains. The point of this geography lesson is that it was from this general area, northwest of Sumer and Akkad, that the Amorites migrated into southern Mesopotamia, bringing with them the worship of the god,il-il(Enlil). However, he was far from being autonomous, as his actions were almost entirely dictated by Enlil, with Enki being something of an agent of execution. Nammu Nammu was the one who gave birth to the first deities An (the god of heaven) and Ki (the earth goddess) and to many more of the ancient gods. It occasionally appears with the definite article as h'l 'the god' (for example in 2 Samuel 22:31,3348). [citation needed]. That fits the character of Enlil, El, and Kumarbi in their respective pantheons. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians.
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