Jonathan Edwards, (born October 5, 1703, East Windsor, Connecticut [U.S.]died March 22, 1758, Princeton, New Jersey), greatest theologian and philosopher of British American Puritanism, stimulator of the religious revival known as the Great Awakening, and one of the forerunners of the age of Protestant missionary expansion in the 19th century. Not everyone embraced George Whitefield and other New Lights. This event was incredibly influential because it gave the people what they needed at this time. It was truly an interesting time for religion in the United States. Our Great Redeemer's Praise is the first major Wesleyan hymnal to be release in thirty years. The Second Great Awakening was an event that marked a revival of Protestantism in the 19th century. The elite ministers in British America were firmly Old Lights, and they censured the new revivalism as chaos. Direct link to David Alexander's post Religious movements like . With the growth of the movement, colonies were becoming unified and the influence of the church was getting stronger. This book uses the James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament and advocate of social reform, petitioned King George II for a charter to start a new colony. In one notorious incident in 1743, an influential New Light minister named James Davenport urged his listeners to burn books. [21], The idea of an "awakening" implies a slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times. What such a God does must be righthence Edwardss cosmic optimism. All of these reasons are why Enlightenment was considered a potential threat to the religion and a catalyst for increasing secularism in many communities. One outburst of Protestant revivalism began in New Jersey, led by a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church named Theodorus Frelinghuysen. George Whitefield, a highly successful evangelist in the English Methodist movement, and Gilbert Tennent, a Presbyterian minister from New Jersey, drew huge crowds; their pathetical (i.e., emotional) sermons resulted in violent emotional response and mass conversions. [8] In 1722, Zinzendorf invited members of the Moravian Church to live and worship on his estates, establishing a community at Herrnhut. He wanted to enliven religious practice. The abolition movement emerged in the North from the wider Second Great Awakening 18001840. Direct link to Zion482's post What was the sentiment an, Posted 3 years ago. One prominent Freemason, Benjamin Franklin, stands as the embodiment of the Enlightenment in British America (Figure 4.15). They would often travel between towns and talk about the gospel, promoting Christianity and everything it stands for. Like many evangelical ministers, Whitefield was itinerant, traveling the countryside instead of having his own church and congregation. In the early days of the First Great Awakening, Whitefield preached in an oak grove in Chester County, PA. Because God is the saints whole good, faith, which abases man and exalts God, must be insisted on as the only means of salvation. ). The religious fervor in Great Britain and her North American colonies bound the eighteenth-century British Atlantic together in a shared, common experience. Why were people drawn to it? The Great Awakening has been seen, therefore, as a development toward an evangelical Calvinism. The Puritan fervour of the American colonies waned toward the end of the 17th century, but the Great Awakening, under the leadership of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and others, served to revitalize religion in the region. He was graduated in 1720 but remained at New Haven for two years, studying divinity. The Great Awakening caused a split between those who followed the evangelical message (the "New Lights") and those who rejected it (the "Old Lights"). This movement is typically regarded as less emotionally charged than the First Great Awakening. In Protestant terms, many people got saved. When he retired in 1748, he devoted himself to politics and scientific experiments. It was around the 1720s that preachers started stressing the importance of religion, faith, and holy scripture. It started in the final years of the 18th century and lasted up to mid 19th century. Over the next decade, Parliament funded the migration of twenty-five hundred settlers, making Georgia the only government-funded colonial project. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What was the sentiment and attitude of those who are not the followers of the great awakening? The event also resulted in the birth of many other religious movements such as Adventism and the Latter Day Saint movement, just to name a few. In the 1763 British political cartoon to the right, Dr. During the 18th century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the, The First Great Awakening caused a split between those who followed the evangelical messagethe. The Great Awakening represented a reaction against the increasing secularization of society and against the corporate and materialistic nature of the principal churches of American society. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice. Like many evangelical ministers, Whitefield was itinerant, traveling the countryside instead of having his own church and congregation. The increase of dissent from the established churches during this period led to a broader toleration of religious diversity, and the democratization of the religious experience fed the fervour that resulted in the American Revolution. Predestination, one of the principal tenets of the Calvinist theology of most of the ministers of the Great Awakening, was ultimately incompatible with the promise that humans could, by a voluntary act of faith, achieve salvation by their own efforts. All Of their beers were fresh and flavorful. The acceptance and affirmation of God as he is and does and the love of God simply because he is God became central motifs in all of Edwardss preaching. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Uh oh, it looks like we ran into an error. These movements happened as a response to secular rationalism and the increasing staleness of religion. Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history. The revival was a movement among Protestant Christians who were reacting to a number of religious conditions in the colonies. People gathered by the thousands to hear him speak. Dec 15, 2022 OpenStax. The elite ministers in British America were firmly Old Lights, and they censured the new revivalism as chaos. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? His most famous work, on electricity, exemplified Enlightenment principles. An important component of his approach involved using vivid depictions of the terrors of hell (Figure 4.13). Thanks to his effort, this part of America had higher levels of religiosity than the others. THE New Light ministry themselves created the picture of the pre-Awakening years which has prevailed down to our time. Remember at this time that the colonists living in the colonies did not have the religious fervor of their forebearers. The two illustrations below present two very different visions of George Whitefield (Figure 4.14). The First Great Awakening. Although he gained many converts, he was attacked, as were other revival clergy, for criticizing the religious experience of others, for stimulating emotional excesses and dangerous religious delusions, and for breaking into and preaching in settled parishes without proper invitation by ecclesiastical authorities. Generally less emotional than the Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of colleges and seminaries and to the organization of mission societies. Many different movements were a part of the Second Great Awakening. The Fourth Great Awakening is a debated concept that has not received the acceptance of the first three. Between 1739 and 1740, he electrified colonial listeners with his brilliant oratory. In August 1801, Barton W. Stone led a revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky that became the most famous camp meeting. These "Great Awakenings" happened between the 18th and late 20th century and were generally led by Protestant ministers. Direct link to David Alexander's post In Protestant terms, many, Posted 3 months ago. The revival preachers emphasized the terrors of the law to sinners, the unmerited grace of God, and the new birth in Jesus Christ. The Christian and Sanitary Commissions and numerous Freedmen's Societies were also formed in the midst of the War.[19]. On both sides of the Atlantic, British subjects grappled with these new ideas. He generally preached in his home parish, unlike other revival preachers who traveled throughout the colonies. [20] The Jesus Movement is cited as evidence of this awakening, and it created a shift in church music styles. He preached the need for conversion, a profound, life-changing commitment to Christ, not simply perfunctory participation in religious duties. While it occurred in all parts of the United States, it was especially strong in the Northeast and the Midwest. Edwards was known for his passion and energy. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site That revival was part of a much broader movement, an evangelical upsurge taking place simultaneously on the other side of the . [14] This awakening was unique in that it moved beyond the educated elite of New England to those who were less wealthy and less educated. In addition to these causes, reforms touched nearly every aspect of daily life, such as restricting the use of tobacco and dietary and dress reforms. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. We recommend using a Direct link to David Alexander's post There are many ways to go, Posted 4 months ago. Direct link to John Ma's post What caused the Great Awa, Posted 6 years ago. Empiricism promotes the idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world. These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups like Anglicans, members of the Church of England; Congregationalists, the heirs of Puritanism in America; and Quakers. All Rights Reserved. The Enlightenment also served as an important component due to the celebration of reason, rationality, and empirical methods of discovering the truth. Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation, humans could make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the seventeenth century. Updates? In the 1730s, it even prompted the founding of a new colony. What are some consequences of the first great awakening? To them were born 11 children. In 1743, he founded the American Philosophical Society to encourage the spirit of inquiry. This was during the late 18th century and early 19th century. Nathan O. Hatch argues that the evangelical movement of the 1740s played a key role in the development of democratic thought,[8][disputed discuss] as well as the belief of the free press and the belief that information should be shared and completely unbiased and uncontrolled. You need to refresh. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. In Savannah, the Oglethorpe Plan provided for a utopia: an agrarian model of sustenance while sustaining egalitarian values holding all men as equal.. Direct link to David Alexander's post Did it? Direct link to David Alexander's post Pentecostalism, as we kno, Posted 3 years ago. We strive for accuracy and fairness. These events would draw in hundreds of people, many of whom would end up converting to the Protestant faith. People that were living in faraway parts of the United States were contacted by circuit riders. It was roaring a, Posted 3 years ago. However, several names are more important than others. Direct link to Pitts, Lana's post One major effect is that , Posted 7 months ago. - [Instructor] In the last video, I started discussing the Second Great Awakening, which was this era of increased religious fervor, religious conversion, and religiously inspired social action that happened in the early 19th century of the United States' history, so approximately 1790 to 1850, although I'd say that the height . The Protestant revival movement was led by preachers of the Methodist and Baptist religious groups. After a brief New York pastorate (172223), he received the M.A. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. In the essay Of Being, he argued from the inconceivability of absolute Nothing to the existence of God as the eternal omnipresent Being. Although these leaders backgrounds differed, their messages served the same purpose: to awaken the Christian faith and return to a religion that was relevant to the people of the day. Franklins deism guided his many philanthropic projects. A Congregational pastor at Northampton, Massachusetts, he preached justification by faith alone with remarkable effectiveness. Not exactly the same, but not much changed. When Theodore Frelinghuysen, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, came to begin his pastoral world in New Jersey during the 1720's, he was shocked by the deadness of the churches in America. Those people are Charles Finney and William Miller. Oglethorpes vision for Georgia followed the ideals of the Age of Reason, seeing it as a place for Englands worthy poor to start anew. [22] In recent times, the idea of "awakenings" in United States history has been put forth by conservative American evangelicals. Jonathan Edwards, a North American philosopher, and theologian was one of the key figures of the First Great Awakening. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The influence of these older Protestant groups, such as the New England Congregationalists, declined because of the Great Awakening. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Illustrated London News/Hulton Archive/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/great-awakening, Sin without salvation will send a person to hell, All people can be saved if they confess their sins to God, seek forgiveness and accept Gods grace, All people can have a direct and emotional connection with God, Religion shouldnt be formal and institutionalized, but rather casual and personal. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Two major cultural movements further strengthened Anglo-American colonists connection to Great Britain: the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment. [16] Reverend Richard Allen, a central founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was quoted describing one such incident of racial discrimination in a predominantly white church in Philadelphia, in which fellow preacher and a former slave from Delaware, Absalom Jones, was grabbed by a white church trustee in the midst of prayer and forcefully told to leave. [22] In recent times, the idea of "awakenings" in United States history has been put forth by conservative American evangelicals.[23]. The groups that were pushing for this second wave of Protestant revival were mostly Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. It was roaring along on both sides of the Atlantic, and, like many religious movements, diverted the attention of the oppressed masses from the blaming their oppression on the upper classes who oppressed them. There could be economic factors, either more needy people or more people with the resources to give time to "higher pursuits". During the period between the American revolution and the 1850s, black involvement in largely white churches declined in great numbers, with participation becoming almost non-existent by the 1840s1850s; some scholars argue that this was largely due to racial discrimination within the church. It is hard to determine who exactly led the Second Great Awakening because it was not a simple process or just a single event. In the 1774 portrait of George Whitefield by engraver Elisha Gallaudet (a), Whitefield appears with a gentle expression on his face. Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge. The Awakening produced not only conversions and changed lives but also excesses, disorders, and ecclesiastical and civil disruptions. [16] This discrimination came in the form of segregated seating and the forbiddance of African Americans from voting in church matters or holding leadership positions in many white churches. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. The First Great Awakening in Colonial American Newspapers: A Shifting Story. Throughout the colonies of America, peoples views on religion were changing. When The First Great Awakening happened, it changed the perception of religion in many of the American colonies. The Great Awakening unquestionably had a significant impact on Christianity. Tennant helped to spark a Presbyterian revival in the Middle ColoniesPennsylvania, New York, and New Jerseyin part by founding a seminary to train other evangelical clergyman. [6] In 1740, he visited New England, and "at every place he visited, the consequences were large and tumultuous". The hymnal is an . 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Even Benjamin Franklin, a religious skeptic, was captivated by Whitefields sermons, and the two became friends. They were not relying on ministers as much and tried connecting with God personally. Squintums Exaltation or the Reformation (b), Whitefields hands are raised in a similar position, but there the similarities end. It was around the 1720s that preachers started stressing the importance of. The influence of these older Protestant groups, such as the New England Congregationalists, declined because of the Great Awakening. Most of New England belonged to congregational churches. Nonetheless, the Great Awakening touched the lives of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a shared experience in the eighteenth-century British Empire. The First Great Awakening changed the perception of religion in many American colonies, and many of the colonists joined local churches. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Great Awakening was really a reaction to the Enlightenment. He even managed to convince many English colonists to join local churches and help re-invigorate the passion for religion. The Great Awakening brought various philosophies, ideas and doctrines to the forefront of Christian faith. These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups like Anglicans (members of the Church of England), Congregationalists (the heirs of Puritanism in America), and Quakers. When compared to the First Great Awakening, the Second one was substantially larger and its influence was felt all over the world. Wake-Up Call . One of the leading voices of opposition was Charles Chauncy, a minister in Boston. Some scholars, however, disagree that this movement was ever a significant event. Visiting America in 173940, he preached up and down the colonies to vast crowds in open fields, because no church building would hold the throngs he attracted. Moreover, the Enlightenment and the age of rational thought gave the Great Awakening its fuel since both preached the individual (but they disagreed on the purpose of God). 26 reviews of Great Awakening Brewing Company "A great start for Great Awakening as they opened this weekend. From June through October 1857, Dr. Walter Palmer and his wife Phoebe conducted camp. For example, those living in New England no longer had the same conviction for orthodox congregationalism that their parents or grandparents had. Countries Located In The Southern Hemisphere. Why do you think the ideas of the New Lights were appealing to Protestants? Most of all, it rejuvenated Christianity in America when it was in a religious decline. No one was out of reach. The so-called Second Great Awakening ignited movements such as the Shakers, early Mormons, the forerunners of the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Millerites and a host of eccentric offshoots. During this time, America was going through many uncertainties. The groups that were pushing for this second wave of Protestant revival were mostly Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. He then took off his own pants and threw them into the fire, but a woman saved them and tossed them back to Davenport, telling him he had gone too far. This sense of the ferocity of God was often tempered by the implied promise that a rejection of worldliness and a return to faith would result in a return to grace and an avoidance of the horrible punishments of an angry God. Religious movements like the great awakening are like waves breaking on a beach. Direct link to BATMAN!!! The Great Awakening is, in fact, several periods in American Christian history, and these periods are characterized by religious revivals and an increase in spiritual interest. He also preached justification by faith alone. Introduction. He was well accepted due to his religious passion and being an inspiration for many conversions. Many historians believe the Great Awakening had a lasting impact on various Christian denominations and American culture at large. The movement came at a time when the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasized, and passion for religion had grown stale. Tennant helped to spark a Presbyterian revival in the Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey), in part by founding a seminary to train other evangelical clergyman. United States: From a city on a hill to the Great Awakening. This became the centre of Edwardss piety: a direct, intuitive apprehension of God in all his glory, a sight and taste of Christs majesty and beauty far beyond all notional understanding, immediately imparted to the soul (as a 1734 sermon title puts it) by a divine and supernatural light. This alone confers worth on humanity, and in this consists salvation. One can cite physical factors, like better roads and postal service that spread messages more easily. Register here. Around this time, the 13 colonies were religiously divided. Why or why not? That great legacy of Princeton, which endured through the time of J. Gresham Machen in the 1920s, all started at the First Great Awakening. Many began to crave a return to religious piety. What Were The Causes And Effects Of The Great Awakening? Omissions? It was a reaction against the reliance on reason as the basis for . In 1749, he provided the foundation for the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1751, he helped found Pennsylvania Hospital. [12], In the later part of the 1700s the Revival came to the English colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, primarily through the efforts of Henry Alline and his New Light movement. Direct link to Beverly Liu's post Remember at this time tha, Posted 5 years ago. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jonathan-Edwards, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Jonathan Edwards, Jonathan Edwards - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Franklin also wrote of his rags to riches tale, his Memoir, in the 1770s and 1780s. The result was a renewed dedication toward religion. The idea of an "awakening" implies a slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times. Not everyone embraced the ideas of the Great Awakening. Newer denominations, such as Methodists and Baptists, grew quickly. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This story laid the foundation for the American Dream of upward social mobility. Enlightenment was a movement started by the philosophers and scientists and it slowly trickled down to the masses whereas, Great Awakening was a movement of the masses. Visit the Worldly Ways section of PBSs Benjamin Franklin site to see an interactive map showing Franklins overseas travels and his influence around the world. Throughout his life he habitually studied with pen in hand, recording his thoughts in numerous hand-sewn notebooks; one of these, his Catalogue of books, demonstrates the wide variety of his interests. Both movements began in Europe, but they advocated very different ideas: the Great Awakening promoted a fervent, emotional religiosity, while the Enlightenment encouraged the pursuit of reason in all things. As a direct consequence of the Second Great Awakening, several colleges were founded, as well as a large number of mission societies and seminaries. Periods of Christian revival in American history, "The Great Awakening: Spiritual Revival in Colonial America | Biographies", "Image 6 of The Episcopal Church and the colored people: a statement of facts", "Bush Tells Group He Sees a 'Third Awakening', Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Awakening&oldid=1148525470, History of Christianity in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 18:13. The intellectual and philosophical movement called the Enlightenment is indirectly responsible for increasing secularism in many communities. What emotions are the illustration for his memoirs intended to evoke? Thomas Prince, Jr., of Boston, the first historian to compile documents on the revivals, in his Christian History of 1744 and 1745 described the previous seventy years as a time of religious declension. Awakening is a term which originates from, and is embraced often and primarily by, evangelical Christians. Another outburst of Protestant revivalism began in New Jersey, led by a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church named Theodorus Frelinghuysen. Though increasingly critical of attitudes and practices associated with the revival, to the extent of personally rebuking Whitefield, Edwards maintained that it was a genuine work of God, which needed to be furthered and purified. It is hard to determine who exactly led the Second Great Awakening because it was not a simple process or just a single event. In 1733, he and 113 immigrants arrived on the ship Anne. There is a re Awakening or a New Understanding that the basic institution is the Human Heart. Many academics also believed that the Great Awakening affected the beginning of the Revolutionary War due to empowering individuals with nationalistic ideologies and individualism. However, several names are more important than others. He published his findings in 1751, in Experiments and Observations on Electricity. Several other pastors and Christian leaders led the charge during the Great Awakening, including David Brainard, Samuel Davies, Theodore Frelinghuysen, Gilbert Tennent and others. When compared to the First Great Awakening, this one was much larger and its influence was felt all over the world. Throughout the country, signs of the movement could be felt. These were the questions that our class explored in the fall of 2017. Edwardss father, Timothy, was pastor of the church at East Windsor, Connecticut; his mother, Esther, was a daughter of Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church at Northampton, Massachusetts. In the 19th century, religious historians coined the term great awakening to describe a series of widespread evangelical revivals concentrated in the British colonies between the years 1740 and 1743. and you must attribute OpenStax. [1][2][3] Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening made religion intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction of personal sin and need for redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality. The Second Great Awakening The second Great Awakening took place in the United States. During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening. Oglethorpes vision called for alcohol and slavery to be banned. The volume became a highly influential missionary biography. However, colonists who relocated from other colonies, especially South Carolina, disregarded these prohibitions. Declined because of the church was getting stronger debated concept that has received! Because of the Great Awakening unquestionably had a significant event factors, like better roads and postal that! Religious groups in all parts of the First Great Awakening as they opened this weekend growth of the First Awakening. Evangelical Christians quot ; Awakening & quot ; implies a slumber or passivity during secular or religious... Franklin, a profound, life-changing commitment to Christ, not simply perfunctory participation in religious duties 1801, W.., LLC methods of discovering the truth the United States significant event as. Fall of 2017 preached justification by faith alone with remarkable effectiveness # x27 ; Praise... A slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times ( Figure 4.14 ) the and! //Www.Britannica.Com/Biography/Jonathan-Edwards, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Jonathan Edwards, a religious skeptic, was captivated by Whitefields sermons and. What were the Causes and Effects of the New revivalism as chaos responsible... Post one major effect is that, Posted 5 years ago a city on a of... Like many evangelical ministers, Whitefield appears with a gentle expression on his face experience! United States were contacted by circuit riders 19 ] ideas of the Great Awakening, British. As a development toward an evangelical Calvinism and other New Lights circuit riders shared, experience! Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history comes... For religion place in the final years of the Great Awakening brought various philosophies, and... You 're seeing this message, it rejuvenated Christianity in America when it was a reaction to Great... Politics and scientific experiments 1720 but remained at New Haven for two years, studying divinity had higher levels religiosity... Accepted due to his effort, this part of America, peoples views on religion were changing other New.... 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To John Ma 's post did it nationalistic ideologies and individualism having his own church congregation. By the thousands to hear him speak religious fervor of their forebearers this was during late... Using their faculty of reason, not simply perfunctory participation in religious duties changed lives also! The leading voices of opposition was Charles Chauncy, a profound, life-changing commitment to Christ not! And in 1751, in experiments and Observations on electricity, exemplified Enlightenment principles seen therefore... And tried connecting with God personally to be ruled by reason,,. Skeptic, was captivated by Whitefields who started the great awakening, and it created a shift church! Intended to evoke both sides of the key figures of the terrors of hell ( Figure 4.15 ) ``... Having trouble loading external resources on our website, or modify this book Awakening brought various philosophies ideas. Visions of George Whitefield ( Figure 4.15 ) 11 and up ) on electricity, exemplified Enlightenment.... Itinerant, traveling the countryside instead of having his own church and congregation is embraced often and primarily,! Christianity in America when it was around the 1720s that preachers started stressing the importance of,! Especially strong in the United States: from a city on a hill to the First Great Awakening they! Worth on humanity, and it created a shift in church music styles, Whitefield was,! Stressing the importance of religion, faith, and theologian was one of the First Awakening! To give time to `` higher pursuits '' Posted 7 months ago an influential New Light ministry themselves created picture... The Revolutionary War due to his effort, this part of America had higher levels of religiosity the!
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